(±)-肉堿氯化物 (Synonyms: DL-Carnitine chloride)
(±)-Carnitine chloride 有D和L兩種異構體。L-carnitine在脂肪酸的β-氧化中起重要作用，也具有抗氧化作用和抗yan活性。
生物活性
(±)-Carnitine chloride exists in two isomers, known as D and L. L-carnitine plays an essential role in the β-oxidation of fatty acids and also shows antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
體外研究(In Vitro)
The main role of L-carnitine is to shuttle long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. After L-carnitine and acyl-CoA become acyl-carnitine by activation of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT)-I, the transported acyl-carnitine is changed into acyl-CoA by CPT-II in the mitochondria matrix. Palmitoyl-CoA-induced mitochondrial respiration is increased by L-carnitine treatment, and then is accelerated by the presence of ADP. This acceleration is induced by treatment with L-carnitine in a concentration-dependent manner, and is saturated at 5 mM L-carnitine[1]. Pretreatment with L-carnitine augments Nrf2 nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in H2O2-treated HL7702 cells. L-carnitine protects HL7702 cells against H2O2-induced cell damage through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway[2].
體內研究(In Vivo)
L-carnitine is found to down-regulate the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and increase IGF-1 concentrations in animal models. L-carnitine administration for 2 weeks of hindlimb suspension alleviates the decrease in weight and fiber size in the soleus muscle. In addition, L-carnitine suppresses atrogin-1 mRNA expression, which has been reported to play a pivotal role in muscle atrophy[3]. Simultaneous treatment with L-carnitine attenuates the renal fibrosis (which correlated with a reduction of plasma TGF-β1 levels) and the pro-oxidative and proinflammatory status reported in L-NAME groups, with a concomitant increase in the expression of PPAR-γ[4].
分子量：197.66
Formula：C7H16ClNO3
CAS 號：461-05-2
中文名稱：混旋肉堿鹽酸鹽；DL-肉堿鹽酸鹽
來源：Human muscle
運輸條件：Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
儲存方式
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
溶解性數據
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (505.92 mM)
DMSO : 25 mg/mL (126.48 mM; Need ultrasonic)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
| 1 mM | 5.0592 mL | 25.2960 mL | 50.5919 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.0118 mL | 5.0592 mL | 10.1184 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.5059 mL | 2.5296 mL | 5.0592 mL |
請根據產品在不同溶劑中的溶解度選擇合適的溶劑配制儲備液；一旦配成溶液，請分裝保存，避免反復凍融造成的產品失效。
儲備液的保存方式和期限：-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)。-80°C 儲存時，請在 6 個月內使用，-20°C 儲存時，請在 1 個月內使用。
請根據您的實驗動物和給藥方式選擇適當的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都請先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的儲備液，再依次添加助溶劑：
——為保證實驗結果的可靠性，澄清的儲備液可以根據儲存條件，適當保存；體內實驗的工作液，建議您現用現配，當天使用； 以下溶劑前顯示的百
分比是指該溶劑在您配制終溶液中的體積占比；如在配制過程中出現沉淀、析出現象，可以通過加熱和/或超聲的方式助溶
- 1.
請依序添加每種溶劑： PBS
Solubility: 150 mg/mL (758.88 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
- 2.
請依序添加每種溶劑： 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.65 mM); Clear solution
- 3.
請依序添加每種溶劑： 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.65 mM); Clear solution
- 4.
請依序添加每種溶劑： 10% DMSO 90% corn oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.65 mM); Clear solution
參考文獻
[1]. Oyanagi E, et al. Protective action of L-carnitine on cardiac mitochondrial function and structure against fatty acidstress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Aug 19;412(1):61-7. [Content Brief]
[2]. Li J, et al. l-carnitine protects human hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced toxicity through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016 May;94(5):517-25. [Content Brief]
[3]. Jang J, et al. l-Carnitine supplement reduces skeletal muscle atrophy induced by prolonged hindlimb suspension in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Dec;41(12):1240-1247. [Content Brief]
[4]. Zambrano S, et al. L-carnitine attenuates the development of kidney fibrosis in hypertensive rats by upregulating PPAR-γ. Am J Hypertens. 2014 Mar;27(3):460-70. [Content Brief]
注：產品僅用于科研
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